Field Performance of Two-Piece GPS Units for Parolee Monitoring

Principal Investigator: Susan Turner, Ph.D., University of California, Irvine

Since June 2005, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), Division of Adult Parole Operations (DAPO) has made increasing use of GPS technology to enhance the supervision of high-risk parolees. As CDCR has deepened its understanding of GPS technology, a number of questions regarding the optimal configuration of the department’s GPS technology package have arisen. Of particular concern to CDCR is the question of whether a two-piece GPS unit has the potential to be more reliable and easier to use than the one-piece units they are currently utilizing.

In order to answer this question, CDCR initiated a 60-day field test of two-piece GPS units to explore their advantages and disadvantages. The Center for Evidence-Based Corrections conducted process and outcome analyses of the field test. This involved interviews with parole agents who were utilizing the two-piece units, as well as their supervisors, and analysis of data provided by the participating vendors on unit performance measures such as battery life and instances of losing GPS signal.

A copy of the report can be found at: Report of the Results of the CDCR Two-Piece GPS System Field Test

A Policy-Oriented Guide to California Juvenile Justice

Principal Investigator: Jesse Jannetta, M.P.P., University of California, Irvine

The analysis of the Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) by the Center for Evidence-Based Corrections serves as a companion piece to “Understanding California Corrections” by Dr. Joan Petersilia (2006). The analysis provides a clear, concise and comprehensive overview of the state’s juvenile correctional system, written for the California policymaker who may not be a juvenile justice specialist, but wishes to make informed decisions regarding juvenile justice policy in California.

Broadly, the analysis focuses on the process by which juveniles are committed to DJJ, the characteristics of youth who come under its supervision, and comparisons between juvenile justice operations in California and in other states. This task was approached as “systems analysis” which specifies the precise role that DJJ plays in California’s overall management of juvenile offenders.

A copy of the report can be found at: The Role of the DJJ in the CA Juvenile Justice System.

Global Position Satellite Monitoring for High Risk Sex Offenders in San Diego: Implementation and Outcome Analysis of a Pilot Study

Principal Investigators: Susan Turner, Ph.D. and Jesse Jannetta, M.P.P. , University of California, Irvine

Sex offenders, particularly those classified as “high-risk” to re-offend, represent a substantial danger to public safety upon their release from incarceration. Correctional professionals view this risk as uniquely difficult to address due to the lifelong duration of the offending behavior, the propensity of sex offenders to be highly manipulative and deceitful, and the high percentage of sex offenses that go unreported due to the victim and offender knowing one another. With 8,943 sex offenders under parole supervision at the end of 2004, and 1,906 of those classified as high risk, addressing the danger of sex offenders is a serious community supervision responsibility for the state of California.

The state of California has launched a pilot project to employ GPS monitoring to supplement their supervision of their High Risk Sex Offender (HRSO) parole caseload. The purpose of the project is to reduce victimization by sex offender parolees through enhanced deterrence and detection, and to expedite the solution of crime, particularly sex crimes, by combining the GPS data on sex offender whereabouts with law enforcement data on crime locations. In the pilot, 80 HRSO’s on four parole caseloads in San Diego County will be outfitted with GPS tracking devices. It is the intent of the state to expand the program throughout the state if it proves successful.

The major research questions of the research are: 1) What motivated the GPS HRSO program/what is the program design?2) What are the characteristics of the offenders who participated in the pilot/how do they compare with other HRSO offenders in San Diego and statewide? 3)What were the implementation experiences? 4) What impact did GPS have on system and offender behavior? 5) What were the costs of the pilot program? Both qualitative and quantitative methods will be used to address these questions. HRSO offenders who are currently not under GPS supervision will serve as a comparison group for the study.

Responding to The Prison Rape Elimination Act: A Study of Violence In California Correctional Facilities

Principal Investigators: Valerie Jenness, Ph.D. and Cheryl Maxson, Ph.D. , University of California, Irvine

This research is designed to address the main objective of the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003—to reduce prison rape in the U.S. and to respond to it more effectively when it does occur. To contribute to larger efforts along these lines, the main objective of the proposed project is to undertake empirical research designed to understand the parameters of the problem of sexual assault in particular and violence more generally in California correctional facilities. The larger goal is to meet this objective in a way that facilitates the creation and evaluation of a viable intervention designed to respond to sexual assault in correctional facilities and maximize the probability of it being reported by inmates and correctional personnel when it does occur. In short, the value of this research lies in its ability to provide empirical findings that can guide the development of viable policy and programmatic interventions designed to respond to sexual assault in both youth and adult correctional facilities in California.

Consistent with the larger goals of the PREA, the proposed research is best described as a “needs assessment” designed to understand the parameters of sexual assault and other types of violence in California correctional facilities. Unlike the wide-ranging scope of the PREA, this research is designed to collect data on violence in general and inmate-on-inmate sexual assault in particular in correctional facilities housing adult and juvenile male inmates in California. Given how little is known about the parameters of sexual assault in correctional facilities in California, this research is designed to identify and understand the demographic, attitudinal, and organizational factors that facilitate and hinder prison violence, especially sexual assault, and whether or not incidents get reported to correctional personnel. We seek to answer two interrelated questions: How often, under what conditions, and to whom and by whom do sexual assaults occur? What factors influence the probability of violence, including sexual assault, occurring and being reported?

To address these questions, we plan to collect data on key features of the facilities’ policies, physical structure, administration and staff, inmates and wards, and incidents of violence, including sexual assault. The goal is to identify factors and conditions that increase the probability of assault—sexual and otherwise—occurring under specific conditions and involving specific types of inmates. Doing so will ultimately inform a larger discussion about what interventions are most viable in terms of reducing sexual assault and encouraging reporting when it does occur.

Parolees with Mental Disorder: Toward Evidence-Based Practice

Principal Investigators: Jennifer L. Skeem, Ph.D. and Jennifer Eno Louden, M.A., University of California, Irvine

Persons with mental disorder are vastly overrepresented in parole populations. Relative to their counterparts without mental disorder, these parolees are twice as likely to fail community supervision. In fact, in California, parolees have the highest likelihood of supervision failure in the nation. To date, little research has addressed this issue.

The goal of the proposed research is to improve understanding of risk of parole failure for California parolees with mental disorder, determine how well extant policies and procedures are addressing the problem, and build upon existing procedures and programs to improve the system. The goals and method of three related studies designed to address two essential questions are outlined below.

Question 1: How serious is the problem? We are accessing existing databases to (a) describe the prevalence of identified mental disorder among California parolees, and (b) compare parolees with- and without- mental disorder in their rates of return to prison for a technical violation vs. new offense.

Question 2: What is the problem? We will complete three steps to identify risk factors for technical violations and new crimes for parolees with mental disorder. First, we will conduct four focus group discussions with parolees with mental disorder and (separately) with their parole agents to identify any needs related to reoffending that are specific to these parolees. Second, we will add any mental disorder-specific needs that we identify through focus groups to the Levels of Services, Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI), a well-validated risk assessment and case management tool. We will administer this supplemented LS/CMI to parolees with identified acute mental disorder (EOP, n=150), identified stable mental disorder (CCCMS, n=150), and no identified mental disorder (n=100). We will compare the three groups’ pattern of scores on the supplemented LS/CMI to determine which risk factors and needs are particularly prevalent among those with mental disorder. This will help to identify “the problem” that underlies these individuals’ relatively high rates of return to prison.

Third, for these 400 participants, we will obtain rates of return to prison for new crimes or technical violations at 12-months. This will allow us to identify whether and how the best predictors of return to prison differ those with- and without- mental disorder. Ideally, supervision and rehabilitation efforts would focus on changeable risk factors for return to prison for parolees with mental disorder.

In summary, this stage-wise study is designed to provide an understanding of the frequency, severity, and nature of the problem of supervision failure for parolees with mental disorder. Its goal is to identify and retain what the California system does well, and build areas of weakness into areas of strength. The larger goal is to inform evidence-based practice for these parolees.